-1025 -1641 1058-1111 110 1126-1198 1135-1204 1145-1234 1152or1153-1191 1165-1240 1213or1214-1269 1225?-1274 180 185 1883-1931 1942- 196 20thcentury 297 980-1037 994-1064 abūal-wafāal-ghunaymī active13thcentury africa almohades almoravides ancient ancientphilosophy andalusia arab arabcountries arabicalphabet arabiclanguage arabisch arablogic aristotle artistic asharites averroës avicenna batinites bābāafz̤al biography bosniaandherzegovina bābāafz̤al chinese christianity christianityandotherreligions civilization comparative congresses contributionsinislamiceducational-attas contributionsinislamictheology cosmopolitanism criticism criticismandinterpretation criticismandinterpretationaverroës criticismandinterpretationfārābī criticismandinterpretationgibran culturalproperty daiber doctrinal doctrine doctrines earlyworksto1800 eastandwest economics education empireislamique enlightenment essence etc ethics ethnicrelations faith(islam) faithandreason fārābī fiction general genius ghazzālī ghazzālī god(islam) grammar greekinfluences history historyofislam idealism idéespolitiques india inference influence influence(literary influencearistotle intellect intellectuallife interpretation interpretationandconstruction iqbal iran islam islamal-attas islamandhumanism islamandphilosophy islamandpolitics islamandscience islametpolitique islamic islamiccivilization islamiccosmology islamiceducation islamicempire islamicethics islamicinfluences islamiclaw islamicmodernism islamicrenewal islamicsects islamieten islamischephilosophie jewishlaw jewishphilosophy judaism kahlil knowledge languageandculture leo liberationtheology logic logik maimonides malaysia mali mathematics medieval metaphysics miscellaneous miscellaneousislam modern moeʻtazilieten motazilites muhammad muhammadnaguib muḥammadibnibrāhīm muḥammadʻābid muslimphilosophers muslims māturīdīyah nationalcharacteristics nationalisminliterature north ontology orientalism philosophie philosophieislamique philosophy philosophyofnature politicalactivity politicalandsocialviews politicalandsocialviewsstrauss politicalscience politicsandgovernment postmodernism rationalisme relations religiousaspects religiousinspiration religiouslife richardm seyyedhossein shi'ism shīʻah skepticism sources spain spirituallife strauss sufism suhrawardī syllogism syllogismus ṣadral-dīnshīrāzī taftāzānī taqlīd theologicalanthropology theology theoryof theoryof(islam) thomas to1800 tradition(philosophy) translatingandinterpreting translationsintoarabic ulama utopias western yaḥyáibnḥabash ʻalīibnaḥmad ʻumaribnmuḥammad ششتري،عليبنعبدالله، ṣadral-dīnshīrāzī