-1025 1058-1111 1135-1204 1225?-1274 973?-1048 980-1037 allegory biography bīrūnī contributionsinthedoctrineofgodavicenna contributionsinthedoctrineofgodmaimonides contributionsinthedoctrineofgodthomas earlyworksto1800 ghazzālī god god(islam) greekinfluences historyofdoctrines influencearistotle islam islamiccosmology islamicempire islamicphilosophy maimonides medieval moses muslimphysicians muḥammadibnaḥmad philosophy physicians physics symbolismavicenna theologicalanthropology thomas ʻabdal-jabbāribnaḥmadal-asadābādī