1165-1240 973?-1048 980-1037 astronomy authority avicenna bīrūnī creation(islam) criticism doctrines earlyworksto1800 ecology empirical etc evidences evolution fārābī god god(islam) greekinfluences historyofdoctrines humanbeings ibnal-ʻarabī intellect interpretation islam islamandscience islamicarchitecture islamicartandsymbolism islamicphilosophy muḥammadibnaḥmad mysticism nature philosophy philosophyofmind proof qurʼanandscience qurʼanicteaching religionandscience religiousaspects sufism symbolisminarchitecture time