-1025 20thcentury 21stcentury 980-1037 avicenna biography criticismandinterpretationghazzālī customsandpractices doctrines earlyworksto1800 essence faithandreason genius ghazzālī ghazzālī god(islam) history intellectuallife islam islamghazzālī islamicempire islamicphilosophy islamicrenewal knowledge mysticism nature philosophers politicalandsocialviewsghazzālī politicalandsocialviewskhomeini practicalreason rationalism religiouslife ruhollah sufis theologicalanthropology to1500 ʻabdal-jabbāribnaḥmadal-asadābādī