1126-1198 active10thcentury arab aristotle averroës b741 catholicchurchandphilosophy christianity congresses doctrines faithandreason history intellectuallife islam islamandpolitics islamandscience islamicphilosophy judaism logic medieval muslimlogicians muḥammadibnṭāhir philosophy philosophyandreligion politicalscience scholasticism science sijistānī state the to1500 utopias