1849-1905 2003-2011 2010- 20thcentury 21stcentury 297 320 956 afghanistan africa akparti(turkey) algeria american arab-israeliconflict arabcountries arabnationalism arabspring asia aspectreligieux attitudes authoritarianism biography caliphate casestudies causes central christianity christianityandotherreligions christianityandpolitics civilization civilrights civilsociety civilwar coldwar communalism comparativegovernment conflitculturel congresses controversialliterature criticismandinterpretation culturalassimilation cultureconflict democracy democratization demokratie diplomaticrelations doctrines eastandwest economicconditions egypt essence etc ethnicidentity ethnicity ethnicrelations europe fethullah foreignrelations france french general genius gesellschaft globalization government governmentpolicy groupidentity gülen history hizballah(lebanon) humanisme huḍaybī india indonesia influence intellectuallife intellectuals international internationalrelations iran iraqwar is(organization) islam islamandcivilsociety islamandculture islamandhumanism islamandsecularism islamandsocialproblems islamandstate islamandworldpolitics islametpolitique islametétat islamiccivilization islamiccountries islamicethics islamicfundamentalism islamiclaw islamicmodernism islamicphilosophy islamicrenewal islamicsects islamicsociology islamophobia jamʻīyatal-ikhwānal-muslimīn(egypt) jews jihad kemalism kurds laws lebanon legalstatus liberalism liberationtheology malaysia martyrdom middleeast morocco muḥammadʻabduh muslims muslimscholars muslimwomen nationalcharacteristics nationalism nature north pakistan palestine palestinianarab palestinianarabs panislamism philosophy pol011000 pol040020 politicalactivity politicalaspects politicalculture politicalideologies politicalparticipation politicalparties politicalprocess politicalscience politicalviolence politicsandculture politicsandgovernment politik politiqueetgouvernement politiquemondiale power(socialsciences) prevention protestmovements publicopinion qaida(organization) radicalism ramadan refugees relations religion religionandpolitics religionandstate religionetpolitique religiousaspects religiouslifeandcustoms religiousmilitants revolutions salafīyah secularism security september11terroristattacks shiites shīʻah shīʻah socialaspects socialchange socialconditions somalia southeastasia strategicaspects sufis sufism suicidebombers sunna sunnites surūsh switzerland taliban tariq terrorism tunisia turkey turkish ulama ummah(islam) unitedstates violence waronterrorism western women worldpolitics ʻabdal-karīm ḥasan