-1119 -1685 -799 1041or1042-1121or1122 1167or1168-1223or1224 1628-1679 1849-1905 1867-1934 1888-1958 1889-1940 1908-1993 1909- 1913-1999 20thcentury 21stcentury 641or642-728or729 767or768-820 780-855 994-1064 abulḥasanʻalī abulḥasanʻalī abūsālimʻabdallāhibnmuḥammad abūal-wafāʼʻalī abūlkalām al-fatani albānī algeria allegiance amīn andalusia approximately1763-approximately1845 arab arabic arabiclanguage arabicliterature artistic authors āzād baṣrah bibliography biography children christianityandotherreligions congresses criticism criticismandinterpretationshāfiʻī daʻwah(islam) democracy dictionaries doctrines earlyworksto1800 egypt etc ethnicrelations europe ex-primeministers family fatimites france frau funeralorations ghannūshī grammar hadithscholars hajatpour hanbalites historians history historyandcriticism historyjāmiʻal-zaytūnah(tunis ibadites ibnaṣbagh ibnbādīs ibnḥazm ibnlubbālal-sharīshī ibnḥanbal india indonesia influence(literary intellectuallife interpretation interpretationandconstruction interviews investigation iran iraq islam islamandculture islamandpolitics islamandsecularism islamandstate islamiccivilization islamicempire islamicethics islamicfundamentalism islamiclaw islamiclearningandscholarship islamicrenewal ismailites ismāʻīlibnʻalī judges(islamiclaw) kadi kalifat kazakhstan khālid khūlī knowledgeandlearningmashshāṭ knowledgeandlearningʻayyāshī kurds lebanon legalstatus libya litigation malaysia malikites manuscripts martyrdom mecca morocco muḥammad muḥammadnāṣiral-dīn muḥammadʻabduh muslimphilosophers muslims muslimtheologians muḥammadibnnāṣir muḥammadibnʻalī muḥammadibnʻīsá muḥammadkāmil muḥammadmutawallī nadvī nadvī natsir naṣīral-dīnmuḥammadibnmuḥammad north nurculuk palestinianarab patani(kingdom) politicalactivity politicalanalysis politicians politicsandculture politicsandgovernment qurʼanicscholars ramadan reformers relations religiousaspects reza rāshid saudiarabia scientists secularism shaḥrūr shawkānī shaʻrāwī shāfiʻī shiites shīʻah shīʻah socialconditions sources spain statesmen sufis sufism sulaymānibnʻabdal-qawī sunnites switzerland syria tariq terrorism tijānīyah travelers'writings trials tunisia turkey ulama ulema umayyaddynasty van vanimehmetefendi women womenartists yemen(republic) ʻabdal-ḥamīd ʻalīibnaḥmad ʻalī ʻamr ابنحزم،عليبناحمد، خالد،عمرو خالد،محمدحلمي طنطاوي،علي، عليبنزياد، مشاط،حسنمحمد ḥasanal-baṣrī ḥasanmuḥammad ṭanṭawi ṭanṭāwī ṭūsī