1816-1868 1847or1848- 1865-1955 1880-1953 20thcentury 962 abdellah administration architecture art biography booksandreadingmashshāṭ buildings colonies descriptionandtravel etc feminism hammoudi history ibnsaʻūd inislam intellectuallife islam islamicart islamiclaw islamiclearningandscholarship knowledgeandlearningmashshāṭ lodging-houses mashshāṭ morocco muhammadʻalieffendi muslimpilgrimsandpilgrimages muslimscholars muḥammadʻalī muḥammadḥusaynḥusaynī pillarsofislam relations religiousaspects religiouslifeandcustoms rituals saudiarabia saʻudi saʻūdī structures travelfarāhānī travelsikandarbegum women'srights womeninislam zakat زكاة مشاط،حسنمحمد ḥasanmuḥammad