1167or1168-1223or1224 1332-1406 21stcentury 994-1064 adventurers africa african ancient antiquities arabic arabicmanuscripts arabinfluences artistic authorship autobiography biography booksandreadingmashshāṭ civilization creation(literary culturalproperty democracy destructionandpillage discoveriesingeography discoveryandexploration ds41-66 education encyclopediasanddictionaries europe explorers hadithscholars higher his001050his037080bio023000his001000 historians history historyandcriticism ibnaṣbagh ibnḥazm ibnkhaldūn intellectuallife interdisciplinaryapproachineducation interdisciplinaryapproachtoknowledge interpretationandconstruction islam islamandsocialproblems islamandstate islamiccivilization islamicempire islamicinfluences islamiclaw islamicmodernism islamicreligiouseducation knowledgeandlearningmashshāṭ largetypebooks learningandscholarship librarians libraries mali manuscripts mashshāṭ mecca medieval modern muslims muslimscholars muḥammadibnʻīsá newyorktimesbestseller newyorktimesreviewed north nyt:culture=2016-05-08 philosophy politicalaspects protection research saudiarabia schools spain studyandteaching to1500 tombouctou tuaregrebellion(mali:2012-) ulama west ʻalīibnaḥmad مشاط،حسنمحمد ḥasanmuḥammad