1838-1897 1849-1905 1877-1938 19thcentury 20thcentury afghānī afghānī algeria biography egypt ibnbādīs iqbal islam islamandpolitics islamicrenewal jamālal-dīn jamālal-dīn muhammad muḥammadʻabduh muslimscholars muḥammadʻabduh politicsandgovernment ʻabdal-ḥamīd ابنباديس،عبدالحميد،1889-1940