19thcentury 2003-2011 21stcentury 960 apologeticworks approximately600-661 attributes cairo comparativestudies controversialliterature conversion counterinsurgency criticism dissenters doctrines egypt emigrationandimmigration entstehung etc ethnicrelations europe faithandreason freewillanddeterminism general god(islam) government hadith hadith(shiites) hermeneutics history imamate imamateʻalīibnabīṭālib imams(shiites) indonesia insurgency interfaithrelations international interpretation iran iraq iraqwar islam islamandcivilsociety islamandpolitics islamandstate islamiccountries islamiclaw islamicsects jihad kharijites konfessionalismus konversion lebanese lebanon libanesen middleeast muslims muslimscholars muslimsindianreligiousminoritiesréunionhistoricalandanthropologicalstudy19th-20thcenturies nation-building panarabism philosophy pol000000soc053000 pol040020 politicalactivity politicalaspects politicalscience politicalviolence politicsandgovernment predestination(islam) prevention refugees regionalstudies relations religion religiousaspects réunion salafīyah saudiarabia schiiten sects senegal shafiites sharqīyah(province) shiites shīʻah shīʿah shīʻah socialaspects socialconditions socialscience staat studyandteaching sufism suicidebombings sunna sīstānvabalūchistān terrorism ummah(islam) unity war war(islamiclaw) ʻalīibnabīṭālib