-680 1207-1273 680 969or970-1016 apologeticworks battleof biography caliphs controversialliterature criticismandinterpretationjalālal-dīnrūmī doctrines history historyandcriticism imamate imamateʻalīibnabīṭālib imamateʻalīibnabīṭālib imams(shiites) interfaithrelations iraq islam islamandjustice karbalāʼ muḥammadibnal-ḥusayn persianliterature relations religiousaspects sharīfal-raḍī shīʻah shīʿah shīʻah sunnites teachingsʻalīibnabīṭālib umayyaddynasty viewsonjusticeʻalīibnabīṭālib ʻalīibnabīṭālib ʻalīibnabīṭālib شريفالرضي،محمدبنالحسين، عليبنأبيطالب، ḥusaynibnʻalī