apologeticworks biography chāfiʻites criticismandinterpretationshāfiʻī droitislamique earlyworksto1800 hadith interpretationandconstruction interprétation islam islamiclaw middleeastspecialists muḥammadibnidrīs muslimscholars muḥammadibnidrīs orientalism orientalisme ouvragesapologétiques shafiites shāfiʻī shāfiʻī spécialistesenétudesmoyen-orientales شافعي،محمدبنإدريس، شافعي،محمدبنادريس،