170 bible christianity controversialliterature earlyworksto1800 essays ethics handelingstheorie identiteit islam islamicphilosophy manactionsreasons messiah messiahship moeʻtazilieten moi(psychologie) moraal morale motazilites mutasiliten nonfiction philosophicalperspectives philosophieetreligion philosophy philosophyandreligion politicalscience prophecies rationalism rationalismandfreethought rationaliteit reason receptie religion rezeption self spirituality theology theorieën