-1936or1937 -632 -632or633 -680 19thcentury 2003-2011 20thcentury 21stcentury 297 340-349 680 918or919-991or992 955 approximately600-661 arabcountries babism battleof biography caliphate causes christianity christianityandotherreligions comparativestudies controversialliterature conversion criticism cultfāṭimah cultḥusaynibnʻalī customsandpractices dictionaries dissenters doctrines earlyworksto1800 economicconditions egypt emigrationandimmigration entstehung etc familymuḥammad festival-daysermons führung fāṭimah geistlicher general gharawīal-nāʼīnī government history ibnbābawayhal-qummī imamate imamiten imams(shiites) india indonesia interfaithrelations international internationalrelations interpretation interpretationandconstruction iran iraq iraqwar islam islamandarchitecture islamandart islamandpolitics islamandstate islamicarchitecture islamicart islamiclaw islamicsects karbalāʼ kharijites konfessionalismus konversion leadership lebanese lebanon libanesen middleeast modernität muslimpilgrimsandpilgrimages muslimscholars muslimwomen muḥammadibnʻalī muḥammadḥusayn mūsá nation-building nosairians palestinianarabs panarabism persian pol000000soc053000 pol011000 pol040020 politicalactivity politicalaspects politicalculture politicalleadership politicalscience politicsandgovernment politischesnetzwerk power(socialsciences) prayersanddevotions refugees regionalstudies relations religion religionandstate religiousaspects religiouslife religiouslifeandcustoms revolutions rituals saudiarabia schiiten sects senegal sermons sharqīyah(province) shiites sh�i�ah sjiʻisme socialaspects socialconditions socialscience sociologicalaspects sozialesnetzwerk staat sufism sunnites sāmarrāʼ to1500 transnationalepolitik transnationalism ulama ulema unity women womeninislam ʻalīibnabīṭālib ابنبابويهالقمي،محمدبنعلي ṣadr