1852-1927 1932- acting aesthetics arabic architecture art artandanthropology artandreligion arts aḥmadū beauty biography bāmbā calligraphy christianity christianityandotherreligions christianityandthearts civilization daʻwah(islam) figurativeart geometryinart god handicraft india indonesia iran iraq islam islamandarchitecture islamandculture islamandpolitics islamicarchitecture islamicart islamicarts islamiccountries islamicdecorationandornament islamicminiaturepainting motives murīdīyah muslimartists nanggroeacehdarussalam painting philosophy pirous politicsandculture relations religion senegal senegalese shīʻah sufism themes