-545 1469-1527 1552-1634 1588-1679 1632-1704 1689-1755 1712-1778 1729-1797 1802-1866 1805-1859 1841-1935 1864-1920 1874-1936 1884-1962 1903-1969 1906-1966 1906-1987 19thcentury 483?-565 973 active12thcentury adorno alexisde alexisde) american artistic b beaumont biography burke charlesdesecondat charleshabib chesterton cicero coke congresses contributionsindemocracytocqueville contributionsinpoliticalsciencetocqueville deladémocratieenamérique(tocqueville democracy democratie descriptionandtravel despotism edmund edward eleanor equality essays februaryrevolution(france:1848) france friendsandassociatesbeaumont friendsandassociatestocqueville general globalization gustavede historians history hobbes holmes influence(literary influencetocqueville irnerius jean-jacques john justice justinian learningandscholarship liberalism liberty locke machiavelli malik manent mannersandcustoms marcustullius max montesquieu nationalcharacteristics niccolò oliverwendell philosophy pierre plato politicalactivity politicalandsocialviews politicalandsocialviewschesterton politicalandsocialviewsquṭb politicalandsocialviewstocqueville politicalandsocialviewsweber politicalaspects politicalculture politicalscience politicalsociology politicsandgovernment quṭb roosevelt rousseau sayyid scholars socialeverandering sociallifeandcustoms socialsciences socialscientists sources thomas travel travelbeaumont traveltocqueville tribonian unitedstates weber