1805-1859 1864-1920 1874-1936 1906-1966 20thcentury 973 alexisde american chesterton essays greatbritain history max nationalcharacteristics politicalandsocialviews politicalandsocialviewsquṭb politicalandsocialviewstocqueville politicalandsocialviewsweber politicsandliterature populism quṭb radicalism sayyid tocqueville weber