1805-1859 1864-1920 1874-1936 1906-1966 973 alexisde american chesterton history legitimacyofgovernments max nationalcharacteristics politicalandsocialviews politicalandsocialviewschesterton politicalandsocialviewsquṭb politicalandsocialviewstocqueville politicalculture politicalsociology quṭb sayyid tocqueville weber