1805-1859 1864-1920 1874-1936 1906-1966 973 alexisde american artistic biography chesterton democracy despotism februaryrevolution(france:1848) france historians history influence(literary influencetocqueville liberalism max nationalcharacteristics philosophy politicalandsocialviews politicalandsocialviewschesterton politicalandsocialviewsquṭb politicalandsocialviewsweber politicalscience politicsandgovernment quṭb sayyid tocqueville weber