1596-1650 1632-1677 1638-1715 1646-1716 17thcentury 18thcentury benedictusde criticismandinterpretationdescartes criticismandinterpretationmalebranche criticismandinterpretationspinoza descartes god gottfriedwilhelm history historyofdoctrines knowledge leibniz malebranche nicolas philosophyofnature rené spinoza theoryof