1225?-1274 1377-1446 1469-1527 1596-1650 1632-1677 1638-1715 1646-1716 17thcentury 1889-1951 18thcentury 190 1931- 194 anthonyjohnpatrick benedictusde contingency(philosophy) criticismandinterpretationaristotle criticismandinterpretationbrunelleschi criticismandinterpretationleibniz criticismandinterpretationmachiavelli criticismandinterpretationmalebranche criticismandinterpretationspinoza criticismandinterpretationthomas criticismandinterpretationwittgenstein descartes filippo god gottfriedwilhelm hermeneutics history historyofdoctrines kenny knowledge leibniz ludwig malebranche niccolò nicolas perspective(philosophy) philosophiearistoteles philosophiedescartes philosophiethomas philosophiewittgenstein philosophy rationalism rené rené spinoza theoryof