1838-1897 1849-1905 1877-1938 1889-1940 19thcentury 20thcentury afghānī afghānī algeria anshāṣī biography egypt ibnbādīs iqbal islam islamandpolitics islamicrenewal jamālal-dīn jamālal-dīn khalaf muhammad muḥammadʻabduh muslimscholars muḥammadʻabduh politicsandgovernment ʻalīḥusayn ابنباديس،عبدالحميد،1889-1940