-1400 1146?-1223? 1179?-1241 948 antiquities appreciation archaeology caithness celtic celticinfluences civilization comparativeliterature congresses england englishandscandinavian englishlanguage englishpoetry excavations(archaeology) foreignelements geoffrey geography history historyandcriticism icelandchaucer influencegiraldus influenceonenglish influencesnorristurluson inliterature irelandchaucer irishliterature knowledge languageandhistory languagesincontact legends literature maps medieval mythology mythologychaucer norse northatlanticregion northmen oldenglish oldnorse oldnorselanguage oldnorseliterature orkney relations sagas scandinavianandenglish scotland to1500 vikings