401 409 civilization criticism discourseanalysis earlyworksto1800 england englishlanguage foreignelements historicallinguistics historicalmaterialism historiography history influenceonenglish languageandculture languageandlanguages languagesincontact literatureandhistory methodology middleages oldenglish oldnorse oldnorselanguage philosophy reification scandinavianinfluences socialhistory to1500 vikings