1874-1970 1885-1912 19th-century american arctic borup british-navy cold crockerlandexpedition(1913-1917) discoveries discoveryandexploration donaldbaxter european-expeditions expeditions exploration franklin-expedition franklin-search general george history hms-investigator ice indigenous-peoples inuit john-rae northwest-passage polar-exploration polarregions robert-mcclure search-and-rescue socialsciences specialtopics survival travelmacmillan