1874- 1874-1962 1880-1973 1885-1912 1886- 1887-1943 1888-1957 1901-1963 19th-century 20thcentury american arctic biography borup british-navy cold crockerlandexpedition(1913-1917) dewson discoveryandexploration donaldbaxter emmaguffey eugenef european-expeditions exploration franklin-expedition franklin-search george history hms-investigator ice indigenous-peoples inuit jeannette jessica john-rae journeysbyrd journeysmacmillan journeysmcdonald macmillanarcticexpedition(1925) maritime-disasters miller molly northwest-passage polar-exploration politicalactivists politicalactivity rankin richardevelyn robert-mcclure search-and-rescue sources sueshelton survival travelbyrd travelmacmillan travelmcdonald unitedstates weis white women womenpoliticalactivists