1874- 1874-1970 1885-1912 1886- 1888-1957 19th-century american arctic borup british-navy cold crockerlandexpedition(1913-1917) discoveryandexploration eugenef european-expeditions exploration franklin-expedition franklin-search george history hms-investigator ice indigenous-peoples inuit john-rae journeysbyrd journeysmacmillan journeysmcdonald macmillanarcticexpedition(1925) maritime-disasters northwest-passage polar-exploration richardevelyn robert-mcclure search-and-rescue survival travelbyrd travelmacmillan travelmcdonald