1887-1940 1894-1967 1901-1989 1908-1960 20thcentury africanamericanauthors africanamericanintellectuals africanamericans africanliterature american americanliterature authors biography blackauthors blacknationalism caribbeanamericans claude criticismandinterpretationellison criticismandinterpretationmckay criticismandinterpretationsoyinka criticismandinterpretationtoomer englishinfluences greatbritain history historyandcriticism inliterature intellectuallife jamaican jamaicanamericans jean marcus masculinity mckay poetry politicalandsocialviewsgarvey politicalandsocialviewsjames politicalandsocialviewsmckay politicalaspects politicsandgovernment raceidentity ralph richard romanticism socialaspects unitedstates wole wright