1818-1895 1856-1915 1868-1963 1890-1948 1901-1989 20thcentury africanamericanintellectuals africanamericanpoliticalactivists africanamericans attitudes biography blacknationalism blacks caribbeanamericans claude conflictmanagement douglass dubois foreignpublicopinion frederick garvey history historyuniversalnegroimprovementassociation influencegarvey intellectuallife marcus masculinity nonfiction philosophy politicalandsocialviews politicalandsocialviewsgarvey politicalandsocialviewsjames politicalandsocialviewsmckay politicalaspects politicsandgovernment raceidentity racerelations rastafarimovement relationswithafricans rodney ruralconditions southafrica southafrican southernstates unitedstates walter washington