000119823 10-425 1632-1677 amoraim benedictusde biography christianity christianityandotherreligions congresses criticism edward england etc europe germanists germany historiography history historyandcriticism identity influencespinoza intellectuallife interpretation islam jewishethics jewishphilosophy jews judaism linguistics lithuania musarmovement orthodoxjudaism rabbinicalliterature relations religiouslifeandcustoms studyandteaching studyandteaching(higher) talmudicperiod timms to1500 translating wissenschaftdesjudentums(movement) yeshivas