-1939 1838-1898 1855-1916 1860-1931 1863-1920 1870-1942 1875-1926 1880-1918 1881-1942 1882-1923 1887-1968 1914-1918 19esiècle 20esiècle 20thcentury africa alfons andrépinto apollinaire approximately1817-1890 arnold austria austrian authors belgian biography blacks brazil cornelius correspondance correspondence criticismandinterpretationzweig culturalassimilation dehmel emile ethnicrelations fiction french frenchliterature german germany guillaume historyandcriticism ida jews joseph literature literatureandthewar literaturecorrespondence marginality marriedwomen marthe massin may modern petzold poètesbelges pt rainermaria rebouças richard rilke shortstories social stefan verhaeren warandliterature warinliterature west worldwar youngmen écrivainsautrichiens émile