1838-1897 1849-1905 1877-1938 1889-1940 19thcentury 20thcentury afghānī afghānī biography egypt history hn786 humanbeings ibnbādīs intellectuallife iqbal islam islamicrenewal jamālal-dīn muhammad muḥammadʻabduh muslims muḥammadrashīdriḍā muḥammadʻabduh origin theologicalanthropology ʻabdal-ḥamīd