1564-1642 17thcentury 522 adaptive astronomers astronomicalspectroscopy astronomy astrophysics beamoptics biography ccdcameras chargecoupleddevices chemistryandearthsciences computers computerscience congresses cosmology datamining dataminingandknowledgediscovery dataprocessing designandconstruction differentialequations electronics engineers europe evolution experiments fiberoptics focalplanes galaxies galilei galileo gammarayastronomy gammaraytelescopes geometricaloptics geometry gravimeters(geophysicalinstruments) gravitationalwaves history imagingsystemsinastronomy infraredastronomy infraredequipment instruments interferometry laserinterferometers lowtemperatureengineering lowtemperatureresearch lowtemperatures mathematica(computerprogramlanguage) mathematicalphysics mathematics measurement microwaves mirrors nauticalinstruments nuclearastrophysics numericalandcomputationalphysics observationsandtechniquesastronomy opticaldetectors opticalinstruments optics orbitingastronomicalobservatories partial physics planets rfandopticalengineeringmicrowaves science scientificdetectors solarsystem spaceastronomy spaceoptics stars statisticsforengineering structure surveying technique technologicalinnovations telescopes ultravioletastronomy x-rayastronomy x-rayoptics x-raytelescopes