affirmativeactionprograms canada civilservice commonwealthcountries discriminationinemployment employment equalpayforequalwork governmentpolicy minorityemployment minorityexecutives officialsandemployees organizationalchange politicalactivity publicadministration sexdiscrimination sexrole sexroleintheworkenvironment unitedstates women womenexecutives womengovernmentexecutives womeninpubliclife womenpublicofficers