1240?-1306 20thcentury 500-1500 600-1500 bishops catholicchurch christianity christianityandpolitics churchandstate churchhistory commerce doctrinescatholicchurch earlyworksto1800 embargo episcopacy europe france history historycatholicchurch john kingsandrulers medieval merovingians middleages papacy politicalactivity politicalscience politicsandgovernment popes primacy primitiveandearlychurch religiousaspects sources state the to1500