1163?-1245 arabiclanguage bio-bibliography biography contributionsinqurʼanreadings criticism criticismandinterpretation damascus dialects diphthongs earlyworksto1800 etc grammar history interpretation language morphology orthography orthographyandspelling phonetics qurʼan qurʼanicscholars recitation sakhāwī studyandteaching style syntax syria textual ulama writing ʻalīibnmuḥammad