1795-1881 1803-1882 1842-1910 1859-1952 19thcentury 20thcentury american authors carlyle correspondence criticismandinterpretationemerson emerson history individualism individualisminliterature john literatureandsociety movements phi020000phi019000 philosophy philosophycarlyle philosophydewey philosophyellison philosophyjames political politicalandsocialviewsemerson pragmatism pragmatisminliterature ralph ralphwaldo scottish thomas unitedstates william