australia california civilservice civilservicereform collectivebargaining congresses decentralizationingovernment economicpolicy employee-managementrelationsingovernment evaluation finland france globalization governmentemployees greatbritain history industrialrelations laborunions lawandlegislation nation-state personnelmanagement politicalactivity socialmovements southafrica spain strikesandlockouts unitedstates whitecollarworkers