1819-1898 1821-1880 1840-1902 1848-1907 1871-1922 19thcentury arts biologyinliterature cathedralsinart cathedralsinliterature characters civilization criticismandinterpretationflaubert criticismandinterpretationfontane criticismandinterpretationhuysmans criticismandinterpretationproust french frenchfiction germanfiction gustave historyandcriticism historyinliterature huysmans literaturefrenchnovelist19thcenturycriticism marcel theodor womenzola zola émile