1914-1918 1915-1923 20thcentury armenia armenianmassacres armenianmassacressurvivors autobiography biography culturalheritage dawnanahid desertsurvival escapes familymackeen his055000his037070bio002000bio006000 historians historical historiography history italy luigi middleeast miskjian modern ottomanempire salvatorelli stepan syria travelmackeen turkey worldwar youngmen