1878- 1882-1945 1882-1965 1888-1963 1892-1954 1898-1980 1939-1945 20thcentury biography black campaigns douglas felix frankfurter franz freedomofspeech freedomofthepress fréchet germany germany(east) gotthard hausmann history hugolafayette jackson jes judges jung lévy mathematics maurice militaryleadershipheinrici oderriver paul petersen raoul regimentalhistories roberth roosevelt sources unitedstates worldwar