1856-1939 1862-1931 1874-1929 artandliterature arthur artinliterature austria biography civilization criticismandinterpretationbeer-hofmann criticismandinterpretationfreud criticismandinterpretationhofmannsthal criticismandinterpretationschnitzler freud history hugovon intellectuallife jewishinfluences jews lake modernism(literature) navalarchitects richard sigmund simon submarines(ships) unitedstates vienna