12thcentury 16thcentury 1885-1972 20thcentury 809 849 active1138-1192 activeapproximately1507-1577 americanpoetry andreas andré appreciation bibliotecaapostolicavaticana bibliothèquenationaledefrance courtlyloveinliterature courtsoflove criticismandinterpretationberguedà criticismandinterpretationnostredame ethics ezra france frenchliterature guillemde historiography history historyandcriticism inliterature italianpoetry jeande knowledge knowledgepound literatureandsociety literaturepound lovepoetry lyricpoetry manuscripts medieval medievalism middleagesinliterature naturalisminliterature occitanliterature occitanliteratureandhistoriography16thcenturycriticism pc3382c372012 portugal provence provençal provençalinfluences provençalmiddle-agetroubadours provençalpoetrywomenauthorslovepoetry provençalproseliterature southern spain texts textualcriticism to1400 translationsintoenglish troubadours troubadoursongs unitedstates womenauthors