-1284or1285 -1360 1273or1274-1323 1348or1349-1412or1413 active14thcentury aflākī aqsarāʼī arabiclanguage christians criticismandinterpretationibnal-shiḥnah earlyworksto1800 grammar historiography history ibnal-shiḥnah ibnbībī ibnājurrūm muslims nāṣiral-dīnḥusaynibnmuḥammad rhetoric shamsal-dīnaḥmad sources turkey turks