2001 2001-2009 21stcentury administrationof africanamericanyouth after-schoolprograms attitudes california casestudies citizenship civilrights communityandschool congresses criminaljustice discriminationincriminaljusticeadministration discriminationinemployment economicconditions education employment etc ethnicconflict ethnicity ethnicrelations france governmentpolicy history immigrantyouth islamophobia juvenilejustice lawenforcement laws legalstatus muslims netherlands paris police police-communityrelations politicalactivity racediscrimination racerelations racism sentences(criminalprocedure) september11terroristattacks september11terroristattacks(2001) servicesfor socialaspects socialconditions socialservice socialworkwithminorities socialworkwithyouth subculture unitedstates urbanyouth waronterrorism waronterrorism(2001-2009) youth youthandviolence youthwithsocialdisabilities youthworkers