1851-1940 1877-1955 1995d-505 2000n-331 2006d-933 2008m-998 20thcentury arsonval avery behavioralmedicine behavioralscientists béhavioristes biochemists bioengineering biography biologists biology biophysics biotechnology business cellularsignaltransduction cognitivescience corruptpractices dna economics ericr états-unis formation france general history historyofmedicine historyrockefelleruniversity industrialrelations jacquesarsèned' jacquesarsèned' kandel labor limousin manpower medicalresearchpersonnel medicalsciences medicine memory microbiologists miscellaneous neurobiology neurologists neuroscience neurosciences newyork newyork(state) nobelprize nobelprizes offreetdemande oswaldtheodore personnel pharmacologists physicians politicalscience professionalethics psychologicalresearchpersonnel psychologie recherche research scientifiquesenmédecine scientists supplyanddemand surgeons trainingof unitedstates workforce wz100a783v2006 wz100a955d1976 wz100k1632006