africa ancient antiquities arab arabcountries architecture architectureandsociety bazaars(markets) buildings byzantine citiesandtowns cityplanning civilization classical congresses corruption damascus etc excavations(archaeology) gatedcommunities history islam islamicarchitecture islamicart islamiccivilization islamiccountries marketplaces medieval meknès middleeast morocco municipalgovernment muḥtasib north pictorialworks publicspaces socialconditions sociallifeandcustoms sociology structures sub-saharan supervision syria urban urbanization vernaculararchitecture