19thcentury balanceofpayments bankruptcy bimetallism congresses currencyconvertibility debts developingcountries external foreign foreignexchange foreignexchangerates foreignexchangereserves france goldstandard history internationaleconomicrelations internationaleswährungssystem internationalfinance internationalmonetaryfund internationalmonetarysystemcompositereserves loans monetarypolicy notenbankpolitik specialdrawingrights