577 africa africanelephant animals appleton-whittellresearchranchsanctuary arizona bears biologicalproductivity botswana buffelgrass cenchrus chobenationalpark climaticchanges desertecology ecologicalsurveys ecology effectofhumanbeingson elephants endangeredspecies environmentalaspects environmentalconditions environmentaldegradation environmentalmonitoring fireecology forageplants forestecology grasslandanimals grasslandconservation grasslands grazing greatplains herbivores history human-animalrelationships management meadows measurement nat046000nat044000nat003000 nationalparksandreserves naturalhistory nature pastureecology pastures plantpopulations prairieanimals prairieecology predatoryanimals research savannaecology shrublandecology wildlifeconservation wolves